Speed and call quality testMy IP addressIP subnet calculatorDNS reportWhoIs lookupRemote support

Internet and network

Speed and call quality testTest delay, jitter and speed, with a focus on phone calls.My IP addressYour public IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, provider and address range.WhoIs lookupWho owns a domain or IP address, when it expires, and its DNS.DNS reportEvery DNS record for a domain, with email setup checked.IP subnet calculatorWork out a network's range, mask and hosts, and split it into subnets.

Computers and devices

Update checkIs this computer, phone and browser up to date? With links to update.Camera and mic testCheck your webcam and microphone before a call.Test print pagePrint an A4 page to check a printer: edges, text, line art and colours.

Make and print

Clean textStrip hidden characters, smart quotes and odd spaces from pasted text.QR code makerMake a QR code for a link, contact or message. Nothing leaves your browser.Wi-Fi QR posterPrint an A4 poster that lets guests join your Wi-Fi by scanning.

Surftec support

Remote supportLet a Surftec engineer connect to your computer to help you.All workingA full-screen confirmation that everything is up and running.

Surftec

Surftec websiteServices, news and how to contact Surftec
Cloud Tools
Guest
GuestNot signed in

Surftec customers will be recognised automatically when they use these tools from their office network.

Customer sign-in is coming soon.

IP subnet calculator

Type an address with its prefix or mask to see the network, its usable range and masks. Split it into smaller subnets, or look up any prefix in the reference tables.

Network190.16.0.0/12
Usable hosts1,048,574
Subnet mask255.240.0.0
Addresses1,048,576
Network address
190.16.0.0
Broadcast address
190.31.255.255
First usable
190.16.0.1
Last usable
190.31.255.254
Usable hosts
1,048,574 (1,048,576 less the network and broadcast addresses)
Subnet mask
255.240.0.0
Wildcard mask
0.15.255.255 (Cisco ACLs, OSPF)
Prefix length
/12
Type
Public public
Old class
B (default /16)
As numbers
Hex BE100000 · Integer 3188719616 to 3189768191
Reverse DNS zones
16.190.in-addr.arpa
17.190.in-addr.arpa
18.190.in-addr.arpa
19.190.in-addr.arpa
20.190.in-addr.arpa
21.190.in-addr.arpa
22.190.in-addr.arpa
23.190.in-addr.arpa
24.190.in-addr.arpa
25.190.in-addr.arpa
26.190.in-addr.arpa
27.190.in-addr.arpa
28.190.in-addr.arpa
29.190.in-addr.arpa
30.190.in-addr.arpa
31.190.in-addr.arpa
/12 is not on a 8-bit boundary, so it takes 16 /16 zones.
Binary
Binary view
Binary (network bits bold, host bits grey)Dotted
Address10111110.00010000.00000000.00000000190.16.0.0
Subnet mask11111111.11110000.00000000.00000000255.240.0.0
Network10111110.00010000.00000000.00000000190.16.0.0
Broadcast10111110.00011111.11111111.11111111190.31.255.255
Split into smaller subnets/18
/13 (2)/14 (4)/15 (8)/16 (16)/17 (32)/18 (64)/19 (128)/20 (256)/21 (512)/22 (1,024)/23 (2,048)/24 (4,096)

190.16.0.0/12 makes 64 subnets of /18.

Subnets
#SubnetUsable hosts rangeBroadcastHosts
1190.16.0.0/18190.16.0.1 to 190.16.63.254190.16.63.25516,382
2190.16.64.0/18190.16.64.1 to 190.16.127.254190.16.127.25516,382
3190.16.128.0/18190.16.128.1 to 190.16.191.254190.16.191.25516,382
4190.16.192.0/18190.16.192.1 to 190.16.255.254190.16.255.25516,382
5190.17.0.0/18190.17.0.1 to 190.17.63.254190.17.63.25516,382
6190.17.64.0/18190.17.64.1 to 190.17.127.254190.17.127.25516,382
7190.17.128.0/18190.17.128.1 to 190.17.191.254190.17.191.25516,382
8190.17.192.0/18190.17.192.1 to 190.17.255.254190.17.255.25516,382
9190.18.0.0/18190.18.0.1 to 190.18.63.254190.18.63.25516,382
10190.18.64.0/18190.18.64.1 to 190.18.127.254190.18.127.25516,382
11190.18.128.0/18190.18.128.1 to 190.18.191.254190.18.191.25516,382
12190.18.192.0/18190.18.192.1 to 190.18.255.254190.18.255.25516,382
13190.19.0.0/18190.19.0.1 to 190.19.63.254190.19.63.25516,382
14190.19.64.0/18190.19.64.1 to 190.19.127.254190.19.127.25516,382
15190.19.128.0/18190.19.128.1 to 190.19.191.254190.19.191.25516,382
16190.19.192.0/18190.19.192.1 to 190.19.255.254190.19.255.25516,382
17190.20.0.0/18190.20.0.1 to 190.20.63.254190.20.63.25516,382
18190.20.64.0/18190.20.64.1 to 190.20.127.254190.20.127.25516,382
19190.20.128.0/18190.20.128.1 to 190.20.191.254190.20.191.25516,382
20190.20.192.0/18190.20.192.1 to 190.20.255.254190.20.255.25516,382
21190.21.0.0/18190.21.0.1 to 190.21.63.254190.21.63.25516,382
22190.21.64.0/18190.21.64.1 to 190.21.127.254190.21.127.25516,382
23190.21.128.0/18190.21.128.1 to 190.21.191.254190.21.191.25516,382
24190.21.192.0/18190.21.192.1 to 190.21.255.254190.21.255.25516,382
25190.22.0.0/18190.22.0.1 to 190.22.63.254190.22.63.25516,382
26190.22.64.0/18190.22.64.1 to 190.22.127.254190.22.127.25516,382
27190.22.128.0/18190.22.128.1 to 190.22.191.254190.22.191.25516,382
28190.22.192.0/18190.22.192.1 to 190.22.255.254190.22.255.25516,382
29190.23.0.0/18190.23.0.1 to 190.23.63.254190.23.63.25516,382
30190.23.64.0/18190.23.64.1 to 190.23.127.254190.23.127.25516,382
31190.23.128.0/18190.23.128.1 to 190.23.191.254190.23.191.25516,382
32190.23.192.0/18190.23.192.1 to 190.23.255.254190.23.255.25516,382
33190.24.0.0/18190.24.0.1 to 190.24.63.254190.24.63.25516,382
34190.24.64.0/18190.24.64.1 to 190.24.127.254190.24.127.25516,382
35190.24.128.0/18190.24.128.1 to 190.24.191.254190.24.191.25516,382
36190.24.192.0/18190.24.192.1 to 190.24.255.254190.24.255.25516,382
37190.25.0.0/18190.25.0.1 to 190.25.63.254190.25.63.25516,382
38190.25.64.0/18190.25.64.1 to 190.25.127.254190.25.127.25516,382
39190.25.128.0/18190.25.128.1 to 190.25.191.254190.25.191.25516,382
40190.25.192.0/18190.25.192.1 to 190.25.255.254190.25.255.25516,382
41190.26.0.0/18190.26.0.1 to 190.26.63.254190.26.63.25516,382
42190.26.64.0/18190.26.64.1 to 190.26.127.254190.26.127.25516,382
43190.26.128.0/18190.26.128.1 to 190.26.191.254190.26.191.25516,382
44190.26.192.0/18190.26.192.1 to 190.26.255.254190.26.255.25516,382
45190.27.0.0/18190.27.0.1 to 190.27.63.254190.27.63.25516,382
46190.27.64.0/18190.27.64.1 to 190.27.127.254190.27.127.25516,382
47190.27.128.0/18190.27.128.1 to 190.27.191.254190.27.191.25516,382
48190.27.192.0/18190.27.192.1 to 190.27.255.254190.27.255.25516,382
49190.28.0.0/18190.28.0.1 to 190.28.63.254190.28.63.25516,382
50190.28.64.0/18190.28.64.1 to 190.28.127.254190.28.127.25516,382
51190.28.128.0/18190.28.128.1 to 190.28.191.254190.28.191.25516,382
52190.28.192.0/18190.28.192.1 to 190.28.255.254190.28.255.25516,382
53190.29.0.0/18190.29.0.1 to 190.29.63.254190.29.63.25516,382
54190.29.64.0/18190.29.64.1 to 190.29.127.254190.29.127.25516,382
55190.29.128.0/18190.29.128.1 to 190.29.191.254190.29.191.25516,382
56190.29.192.0/18190.29.192.1 to 190.29.255.254190.29.255.25516,382
57190.30.0.0/18190.30.0.1 to 190.30.63.254190.30.63.25516,382
58190.30.64.0/18190.30.64.1 to 190.30.127.254190.30.127.25516,382
59190.30.128.0/18190.30.128.1 to 190.30.191.254190.30.191.25516,382
60190.30.192.0/18190.30.192.1 to 190.30.255.254190.30.255.25516,382
61190.31.0.0/18190.31.0.1 to 190.31.63.254190.31.63.25516,382
62190.31.64.0/18190.31.64.1 to 190.31.127.254190.31.127.25516,382
63190.31.128.0/18190.31.128.1 to 190.31.191.254190.31.191.25516,382
64190.31.192.0/18190.31.192.1 to 190.31.255.254190.31.255.25516,382

IPv4 CIDR reference (/0 to /32)

IPv4 prefix lengths
PrefixSubnet maskWildcardAddressesUsable hostsSizeTypical use
/00.0.0.0255.255.255.2554,294,967,2964,294,967,29416,777,216 × /24
/1128.0.0.0127.255.255.2552,147,483,6482,147,483,6468,388,608 × /24
/2192.0.0.063.255.255.2551,073,741,8241,073,741,8224,194,304 × /24
/3224.0.0.031.255.255.255536,870,912536,870,9102,097,152 × /24
/4240.0.0.015.255.255.255268,435,456268,435,4541,048,576 × /24
/5248.0.0.07.255.255.255134,217,728134,217,726524,288 × /24
/6252.0.0.03.255.255.25567,108,86467,108,862262,144 × /24
/7254.0.0.01.255.255.25533,554,43233,554,430131,072 × /24
/8255.0.0.00.255.255.25516,777,21616,777,21465,536 × /24Old class A; 10.0.0.0/8
/9255.128.0.00.127.255.2558,388,6088,388,60632,768 × /24
/10255.192.0.00.63.255.2554,194,3044,194,30216,384 × /24
/11255.224.0.00.31.255.2552,097,1522,097,1508,192 × /24
/12255.240.0.00.15.255.2551,048,5761,048,5744,096 × /24172.16.0.0/12
/13255.248.0.00.7.255.255524,288524,2862,048 × /24
/14255.252.0.00.3.255.255262,144262,1421,024 × /24
/15255.254.0.00.1.255.255131,072131,070512 × /24
/16255.255.0.00.0.255.25565,53665,534256 × /24Old class B; 192.168.0.0/16
/17255.255.128.00.0.127.25532,76832,766128 × /24
/18255.255.192.00.0.63.25516,38416,38264 × /24
/19255.255.224.00.0.31.2558,1928,19032 × /24
/20255.255.240.00.0.15.2554,0964,09416 × /24
/21255.255.248.00.0.7.2552,0482,0468 × /24
/22255.255.252.00.0.3.2551,0241,0224 × /24Large office or guest Wi-Fi (1,022 hosts)
/23255.255.254.00.0.1.2555125102 × /24Larger office LAN (510 hosts)
/24255.255.255.00.0.0.2552562541 × /24Typical office LAN (old class C)
/25255.255.255.1280.0.0.1271281261/2 of a /24Smaller LAN or VLAN
/26255.255.255.1920.0.0.6364621/4 of a /24Smaller LAN or VLAN
/27255.255.255.2240.0.0.3132301/8 of a /24Small VLAN, phones, cameras
/28255.255.255.2400.0.0.1516141/16 of a /24Small VLAN, phones, cameras
/29255.255.255.2480.0.0.7861/32 of a /24Small fixed public block (5 usable)
/30255.255.255.2520.0.0.3421/64 of a /24Point-to-point (old style)
/31255.255.255.2540.0.0.1221/128 of a /24Point-to-point link (RFC 3021)
/32255.255.255.2550.0.0.0111/256 of a /24One host

IPv6 prefix reference

IPv6 prefix lengths
PrefixAddresses/64 LANs/48 sitesNibbleTypical use
/342,535,295,865,117,307,932,921,825,928,971,026,432 (2^125)2,305,843,009,213,693,95235,184,372,088,832NoAll global unicast (2000::/3)
/165,192,296,858,534,827,628,530,496,329,220,096 (2^112)281,474,976,710,6564,294,967,296Yes
/20324,518,553,658,426,726,783,156,020,576,256 (2^108)17,592,186,044,416268,435,456YesLarge provider allocation (RIPE minimum for some)
/29633,825,300,114,114,700,748,351,602,688 (2^99)34,359,738,368524,288NoRIPE allocation to a provider (often)
/3279,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336 (2^96)4,294,967,29665,536YesProvider allocation (RIPE default)
/364,951,760,157,141,521,099,596,496,896 (2^92)268,435,4564,096Yes
/40309,485,009,821,345,068,724,781,056 (2^88)16,777,216256Yes
/4419,342,813,113,834,066,795,298,816 (2^84)1,048,57616Yes
/481,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 (2^80)65,5361YesOne site or organisation (RIPE PI / assignment)
/5275,557,863,725,914,323,419,136 (2^76)4,096Yes
/564,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 (2^72)256YesSmall site or home (common provider assignment)
/60295,147,905,179,352,825,856 (2^68)16YesSome home broadband (16 LANs)
/6418,446,744,073,709,551,616 (2^64)1YesOne LAN or VLAN (needed for SLAAC)
/7272,057,594,037,927,936 (2^56)1/256 of a /64Yes
/80281,474,976,710,656 (2^48)1/65,536 of a /64Yes
/964,294,967,2961/4,294,967,296 of a /64YesEmbeds an IPv4 address (NAT64)
/11265,5361/281,474,976,710,656 of a /64Yes
/1202561/72,057,594,037,927,936 of a /64Yes
/124161/1,152,921,504,606,846,976 of a /64Yes
/12641/4,611,686,018,427,387,904 of a /64No
/12721/9,223,372,036,854,775,808 of a /64NoPoint-to-point link (RFC 6164)
/12811/18,446,744,073,709,551,616 of a /64YesOne host or loopback

Private and special ranges

IPv4

Special-purpose ranges
RangeNameWhat it is
255.255.255.255/32Limited broadcastEvery host on the local network
0.0.0.0/8This networkNot routed; 0.0.0.0 means "any address" in settings
10.0.0.0/8Private (RFC 1918)Office and home networks; not routed on the internet
100.64.0.0/10Shared address space (CGNAT)Used by providers behind carrier-grade NAT (RFC 6598)
127.0.0.0/8LoopbackThis computer
169.254.0.0/16Link-local (APIPA)Self-assigned when no DHCP server answers
172.16.0.0/12Private (RFC 1918)Office and home networks; not routed on the internet
192.0.0.0/24IETF protocol assignmentsSpecial uses such as DS-Lite
192.0.2.0/24Documentation (TEST-NET-1)For examples; never used on a network
192.88.99.0/246to4 relay (deprecated)Formerly anycast for 6to4
192.168.0.0/16Private (RFC 1918)Office and home networks; not routed on the internet
198.18.0.0/15BenchmarkingNetwork equipment testing (RFC 2544)
198.51.100.0/24Documentation (TEST-NET-2)For examples; never used on a network
203.0.113.0/24Documentation (TEST-NET-3)For examples; never used on a network
224.0.0.0/4MulticastOne-to-many traffic, such as IPTV and routing protocols
240.0.0.0/4ReservedFuture use; not usable on most systems

IPv6

Special-purpose ranges
RangeNameWhat it is
::/128UnspecifiedNo address; :: means "any address" in settings
::1/128LoopbackThis computer
::ffff:0:0/96IPv4-mappedAn IPv4 address written as IPv6
64:ff9b::/96NAT64IPv4 addresses reached through a NAT64 gateway
100::/64Discard onlyTraffic sent here is dropped (RFC 6666)
2001:db8::/32DocumentationFor examples; never used on a network
2001::/32TeredoIPv6 tunnelled over IPv4 UDP
2002::/166to4IPv6 tunnelled over IPv4 (largely retired)
3fff::/20DocumentationFor examples (RFC 9637)
fc00::/7Unique local (ULA)Private IPv6, like RFC 1918; usually fd00::/8
fe80::/10Link-localEvery IPv6 interface has one; not routed
ff00::/8MulticastOne-to-many traffic; replaces broadcast
2000::/3Global unicastPublic internet addresses

About this tool

A network is written as an address and a prefix length, such as 192.168.1.0/24: the first 24 bits name the network and the rest number the devices on it. The calculator works out where the network starts and ends, how many devices it holds, its subnet and wildcard masks, and the reverse DNS zone to ask your provider for.

It also splits a network into equal smaller ones (one per VLAN or site), turns a range of addresses into the fewest CIDR blocks for a firewall rule, and lists every IPv4 prefix length and the common IPv6 ones in reference tables.

Common questions

Why are two addresses lost in every IPv4 subnet?

The first address names the network and the last is the broadcast address, so a /24 has 256 addresses but 254 for devices. A /31 (a link between two routers) and a /32 (one host) are the exceptions.

What size of IPv6 network should a LAN use?

Always /64. Devices pick their own address within it (SLAAC), which needs the full 64 bits. A site usually gets a /48 or /56 from its provider, which holds 65,536 or 256 LANs.

What is a wildcard mask?

The subnet mask turned inside out: 255.255.255.0 becomes 0.0.0.255. Cisco access lists and OSPF use it to say which bits must match.

Which ranges can I use inside an office?

IPv4: 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16. IPv6: unique local addresses from fd00::/8, though most networks use the public prefix from their provider.