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IP subnet calculator

Type an address with its prefix or mask to see the network, its usable range and masks. Split it into smaller subnets, or look up any prefix in the reference tables.

Network77.78.48.0/23
Usable hosts510
Subnet mask255.255.254.0
Addresses512
Network address
77.78.48.0
Broadcast address
77.78.49.255
First usable
77.78.48.1
Last usable
77.78.49.254
Usable hosts
510 (512 less the network and broadcast addresses)
Subnet mask
255.255.254.0
Wildcard mask
0.0.1.255 (Cisco ACLs, OSPF)
Prefix length
/23
Type
Public public
Old class
A (default /8)
As numbers
Hex 4D4E3000 · Integer 1296969728 to 1296970239
Reverse DNS zones
48.78.77.in-addr.arpa
49.78.77.in-addr.arpa
/23 is not on a 8-bit boundary, so it takes 2 /24 zones.
Binary
Binary view
Binary (network bits bold, host bits grey)Dotted
Address01001101.01001110.00110000.0000000077.78.48.0
Subnet mask11111111.11111111.11111110.00000000255.255.254.0
Network01001101.01001110.00110000.0000000077.78.48.0
Broadcast01001101.01001110.00110001.1111111177.78.49.255
Split into smaller subnets/29
/24 (2)/25 (4)/26 (8)/27 (16)/28 (32)/29 (64)/30 (128)/31 (256)/32 (512)

77.78.48.0/23 makes 64 subnets of /29.

Subnets
#SubnetUsable hosts rangeBroadcastHosts
177.78.48.0/2977.78.48.1 to 77.78.48.677.78.48.76
277.78.48.8/2977.78.48.9 to 77.78.48.1477.78.48.156
377.78.48.16/2977.78.48.17 to 77.78.48.2277.78.48.236
477.78.48.24/2977.78.48.25 to 77.78.48.3077.78.48.316
577.78.48.32/2977.78.48.33 to 77.78.48.3877.78.48.396
677.78.48.40/2977.78.48.41 to 77.78.48.4677.78.48.476
777.78.48.48/2977.78.48.49 to 77.78.48.5477.78.48.556
877.78.48.56/2977.78.48.57 to 77.78.48.6277.78.48.636
977.78.48.64/2977.78.48.65 to 77.78.48.7077.78.48.716
1077.78.48.72/2977.78.48.73 to 77.78.48.7877.78.48.796
1177.78.48.80/2977.78.48.81 to 77.78.48.8677.78.48.876
1277.78.48.88/2977.78.48.89 to 77.78.48.9477.78.48.956
1377.78.48.96/2977.78.48.97 to 77.78.48.10277.78.48.1036
1477.78.48.104/2977.78.48.105 to 77.78.48.11077.78.48.1116
1577.78.48.112/2977.78.48.113 to 77.78.48.11877.78.48.1196
1677.78.48.120/2977.78.48.121 to 77.78.48.12677.78.48.1276
1777.78.48.128/2977.78.48.129 to 77.78.48.13477.78.48.1356
1877.78.48.136/2977.78.48.137 to 77.78.48.14277.78.48.1436
1977.78.48.144/2977.78.48.145 to 77.78.48.15077.78.48.1516
2077.78.48.152/2977.78.48.153 to 77.78.48.15877.78.48.1596
2177.78.48.160/2977.78.48.161 to 77.78.48.16677.78.48.1676
2277.78.48.168/2977.78.48.169 to 77.78.48.17477.78.48.1756
2377.78.48.176/2977.78.48.177 to 77.78.48.18277.78.48.1836
2477.78.48.184/2977.78.48.185 to 77.78.48.19077.78.48.1916
2577.78.48.192/2977.78.48.193 to 77.78.48.19877.78.48.1996
2677.78.48.200/2977.78.48.201 to 77.78.48.20677.78.48.2076
2777.78.48.208/2977.78.48.209 to 77.78.48.21477.78.48.2156
2877.78.48.216/2977.78.48.217 to 77.78.48.22277.78.48.2236
2977.78.48.224/2977.78.48.225 to 77.78.48.23077.78.48.2316
3077.78.48.232/2977.78.48.233 to 77.78.48.23877.78.48.2396
3177.78.48.240/2977.78.48.241 to 77.78.48.24677.78.48.2476
3277.78.48.248/2977.78.48.249 to 77.78.48.25477.78.48.2556
3377.78.49.0/2977.78.49.1 to 77.78.49.677.78.49.76
3477.78.49.8/2977.78.49.9 to 77.78.49.1477.78.49.156
3577.78.49.16/2977.78.49.17 to 77.78.49.2277.78.49.236
3677.78.49.24/2977.78.49.25 to 77.78.49.3077.78.49.316
3777.78.49.32/2977.78.49.33 to 77.78.49.3877.78.49.396
3877.78.49.40/2977.78.49.41 to 77.78.49.4677.78.49.476
3977.78.49.48/2977.78.49.49 to 77.78.49.5477.78.49.556
4077.78.49.56/2977.78.49.57 to 77.78.49.6277.78.49.636
4177.78.49.64/2977.78.49.65 to 77.78.49.7077.78.49.716
4277.78.49.72/2977.78.49.73 to 77.78.49.7877.78.49.796
4377.78.49.80/2977.78.49.81 to 77.78.49.8677.78.49.876
4477.78.49.88/2977.78.49.89 to 77.78.49.9477.78.49.956
4577.78.49.96/2977.78.49.97 to 77.78.49.10277.78.49.1036
4677.78.49.104/2977.78.49.105 to 77.78.49.11077.78.49.1116
4777.78.49.112/2977.78.49.113 to 77.78.49.11877.78.49.1196
4877.78.49.120/2977.78.49.121 to 77.78.49.12677.78.49.1276
4977.78.49.128/2977.78.49.129 to 77.78.49.13477.78.49.1356
5077.78.49.136/2977.78.49.137 to 77.78.49.14277.78.49.1436
5177.78.49.144/2977.78.49.145 to 77.78.49.15077.78.49.1516
5277.78.49.152/2977.78.49.153 to 77.78.49.15877.78.49.1596
5377.78.49.160/2977.78.49.161 to 77.78.49.16677.78.49.1676
5477.78.49.168/2977.78.49.169 to 77.78.49.17477.78.49.1756
5577.78.49.176/2977.78.49.177 to 77.78.49.18277.78.49.1836
5677.78.49.184/2977.78.49.185 to 77.78.49.19077.78.49.1916
5777.78.49.192/2977.78.49.193 to 77.78.49.19877.78.49.1996
5877.78.49.200/2977.78.49.201 to 77.78.49.20677.78.49.2076
5977.78.49.208/2977.78.49.209 to 77.78.49.21477.78.49.2156
6077.78.49.216/2977.78.49.217 to 77.78.49.22277.78.49.2236
6177.78.49.224/2977.78.49.225 to 77.78.49.23077.78.49.2316
6277.78.49.232/2977.78.49.233 to 77.78.49.23877.78.49.2396
6377.78.49.240/2977.78.49.241 to 77.78.49.24677.78.49.2476
6477.78.49.248/2977.78.49.249 to 77.78.49.25477.78.49.2556

IPv4 CIDR reference (/0 to /32)

IPv4 prefix lengths
PrefixSubnet maskWildcardAddressesUsable hostsSizeTypical use
/00.0.0.0255.255.255.2554,294,967,2964,294,967,29416,777,216 × /24
/1128.0.0.0127.255.255.2552,147,483,6482,147,483,6468,388,608 × /24
/2192.0.0.063.255.255.2551,073,741,8241,073,741,8224,194,304 × /24
/3224.0.0.031.255.255.255536,870,912536,870,9102,097,152 × /24
/4240.0.0.015.255.255.255268,435,456268,435,4541,048,576 × /24
/5248.0.0.07.255.255.255134,217,728134,217,726524,288 × /24
/6252.0.0.03.255.255.25567,108,86467,108,862262,144 × /24
/7254.0.0.01.255.255.25533,554,43233,554,430131,072 × /24
/8255.0.0.00.255.255.25516,777,21616,777,21465,536 × /24Old class A; 10.0.0.0/8
/9255.128.0.00.127.255.2558,388,6088,388,60632,768 × /24
/10255.192.0.00.63.255.2554,194,3044,194,30216,384 × /24
/11255.224.0.00.31.255.2552,097,1522,097,1508,192 × /24
/12255.240.0.00.15.255.2551,048,5761,048,5744,096 × /24172.16.0.0/12
/13255.248.0.00.7.255.255524,288524,2862,048 × /24
/14255.252.0.00.3.255.255262,144262,1421,024 × /24
/15255.254.0.00.1.255.255131,072131,070512 × /24
/16255.255.0.00.0.255.25565,53665,534256 × /24Old class B; 192.168.0.0/16
/17255.255.128.00.0.127.25532,76832,766128 × /24
/18255.255.192.00.0.63.25516,38416,38264 × /24
/19255.255.224.00.0.31.2558,1928,19032 × /24
/20255.255.240.00.0.15.2554,0964,09416 × /24
/21255.255.248.00.0.7.2552,0482,0468 × /24
/22255.255.252.00.0.3.2551,0241,0224 × /24Large office or guest Wi-Fi (1,022 hosts)
/23255.255.254.00.0.1.2555125102 × /24Larger office LAN (510 hosts)
/24255.255.255.00.0.0.2552562541 × /24Typical office LAN (old class C)
/25255.255.255.1280.0.0.1271281261/2 of a /24Smaller LAN or VLAN
/26255.255.255.1920.0.0.6364621/4 of a /24Smaller LAN or VLAN
/27255.255.255.2240.0.0.3132301/8 of a /24Small VLAN, phones, cameras
/28255.255.255.2400.0.0.1516141/16 of a /24Small VLAN, phones, cameras
/29255.255.255.2480.0.0.7861/32 of a /24Small fixed public block (5 usable)
/30255.255.255.2520.0.0.3421/64 of a /24Point-to-point (old style)
/31255.255.255.2540.0.0.1221/128 of a /24Point-to-point link (RFC 3021)
/32255.255.255.2550.0.0.0111/256 of a /24One host

IPv6 prefix reference

IPv6 prefix lengths
PrefixAddresses/64 LANs/48 sitesNibbleTypical use
/342,535,295,865,117,307,932,921,825,928,971,026,432 (2^125)2,305,843,009,213,693,95235,184,372,088,832NoAll global unicast (2000::/3)
/165,192,296,858,534,827,628,530,496,329,220,096 (2^112)281,474,976,710,6564,294,967,296Yes
/20324,518,553,658,426,726,783,156,020,576,256 (2^108)17,592,186,044,416268,435,456YesLarge provider allocation (RIPE minimum for some)
/29633,825,300,114,114,700,748,351,602,688 (2^99)34,359,738,368524,288NoRIPE allocation to a provider (often)
/3279,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336 (2^96)4,294,967,29665,536YesProvider allocation (RIPE default)
/364,951,760,157,141,521,099,596,496,896 (2^92)268,435,4564,096Yes
/40309,485,009,821,345,068,724,781,056 (2^88)16,777,216256Yes
/4419,342,813,113,834,066,795,298,816 (2^84)1,048,57616Yes
/481,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176 (2^80)65,5361YesOne site or organisation (RIPE PI / assignment)
/5275,557,863,725,914,323,419,136 (2^76)4,096Yes
/564,722,366,482,869,645,213,696 (2^72)256YesSmall site or home (common provider assignment)
/60295,147,905,179,352,825,856 (2^68)16YesSome home broadband (16 LANs)
/6418,446,744,073,709,551,616 (2^64)1YesOne LAN or VLAN (needed for SLAAC)
/7272,057,594,037,927,936 (2^56)1/256 of a /64Yes
/80281,474,976,710,656 (2^48)1/65,536 of a /64Yes
/964,294,967,2961/4,294,967,296 of a /64YesEmbeds an IPv4 address (NAT64)
/11265,5361/281,474,976,710,656 of a /64Yes
/1202561/72,057,594,037,927,936 of a /64Yes
/124161/1,152,921,504,606,846,976 of a /64Yes
/12641/4,611,686,018,427,387,904 of a /64No
/12721/9,223,372,036,854,775,808 of a /64NoPoint-to-point link (RFC 6164)
/12811/18,446,744,073,709,551,616 of a /64YesOne host or loopback

Private and special ranges

IPv4

Special-purpose ranges
RangeNameWhat it is
255.255.255.255/32Limited broadcastEvery host on the local network
0.0.0.0/8This networkNot routed; 0.0.0.0 means "any address" in settings
10.0.0.0/8Private (RFC 1918)Office and home networks; not routed on the internet
100.64.0.0/10Shared address space (CGNAT)Used by providers behind carrier-grade NAT (RFC 6598)
127.0.0.0/8LoopbackThis computer
169.254.0.0/16Link-local (APIPA)Self-assigned when no DHCP server answers
172.16.0.0/12Private (RFC 1918)Office and home networks; not routed on the internet
192.0.0.0/24IETF protocol assignmentsSpecial uses such as DS-Lite
192.0.2.0/24Documentation (TEST-NET-1)For examples; never used on a network
192.88.99.0/246to4 relay (deprecated)Formerly anycast for 6to4
192.168.0.0/16Private (RFC 1918)Office and home networks; not routed on the internet
198.18.0.0/15BenchmarkingNetwork equipment testing (RFC 2544)
198.51.100.0/24Documentation (TEST-NET-2)For examples; never used on a network
203.0.113.0/24Documentation (TEST-NET-3)For examples; never used on a network
224.0.0.0/4MulticastOne-to-many traffic, such as IPTV and routing protocols
240.0.0.0/4ReservedFuture use; not usable on most systems

IPv6

Special-purpose ranges
RangeNameWhat it is
::/128UnspecifiedNo address; :: means "any address" in settings
::1/128LoopbackThis computer
::ffff:0:0/96IPv4-mappedAn IPv4 address written as IPv6
64:ff9b::/96NAT64IPv4 addresses reached through a NAT64 gateway
100::/64Discard onlyTraffic sent here is dropped (RFC 6666)
2001:db8::/32DocumentationFor examples; never used on a network
2001::/32TeredoIPv6 tunnelled over IPv4 UDP
2002::/166to4IPv6 tunnelled over IPv4 (largely retired)
3fff::/20DocumentationFor examples (RFC 9637)
fc00::/7Unique local (ULA)Private IPv6, like RFC 1918; usually fd00::/8
fe80::/10Link-localEvery IPv6 interface has one; not routed
ff00::/8MulticastOne-to-many traffic; replaces broadcast
2000::/3Global unicastPublic internet addresses

About this tool

A network is written as an address and a prefix length, such as 192.168.1.0/24: the first 24 bits name the network and the rest number the devices on it. The calculator works out where the network starts and ends, how many devices it holds, its subnet and wildcard masks, and the reverse DNS zone to ask your provider for.

It also splits a network into equal smaller ones (one per VLAN or site), turns a range of addresses into the fewest CIDR blocks for a firewall rule, and lists every IPv4 prefix length and the common IPv6 ones in reference tables.

Common questions

Why are two addresses lost in every IPv4 subnet?

The first address names the network and the last is the broadcast address, so a /24 has 256 addresses but 254 for devices. A /31 (a link between two routers) and a /32 (one host) are the exceptions.

What size of IPv6 network should a LAN use?

Always /64. Devices pick their own address within it (SLAAC), which needs the full 64 bits. A site usually gets a /48 or /56 from its provider, which holds 65,536 or 256 LANs.

What is a wildcard mask?

The subnet mask turned inside out: 255.255.255.0 becomes 0.0.0.255. Cisco access lists and OSPF use it to say which bits must match.

Which ranges can I use inside an office?

IPv4: 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12 and 192.168.0.0/16. IPv6: unique local addresses from fd00::/8, though most networks use the public prefix from their provider.